Thursday, July 12, 2018

Laxmi Sat Isabgol - #psyllium #psylliumhusk #isabgol #fiber #constipation #piles #cancer



Laxmi Sat Isabgol

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Monday, July 31, 2017

Psyllium Husk

Psyllium /ˈsɪliəm/, or ispaghula /ˌɪspəˈɡuːlə/, is the common name used for several members of the plant genus Plantago whose seeds are used commercially for the production of mucilage.
Psyllium is mainly used as a dietary fiber to relieve symptoms of both constipation and mild diarrhea and occasionally as a food thickener. Research has also shown benefits in reducing blood cholesterol levels.
The plant from which the seeds are extracted tolerates dry and cool climates and is mainly cultivated in northern India. Psyllium products are marketed under several brand names, such as Metamucil, Fybogel, Konsyl, and Lunelax.

    Uses[edit]

    Constipation[edit]

    Psyllium is mainly used as a dietary fiber, which is not absorbed by the small intestine. The purely mechanical action of psyllium mucilage is to absorb excess water while stimulating normal bowel elimination. Although its main use has been as a laxative, it is more appropriately termed a true dietary fiber and as such can help reduce the symptoms of both constipation and mild diarrhea. The laxative properties of psyllium are attributed to the fiber absorbing water and subsequently softening the stool. It however does increase flatulence to some degree.[1]

    High blood cholesterol[edit]

    Psyllium fiber has been shown in studies to lower blood cholesterol and glucose levels while another common fiber, methylcellulose, has not shown these benefits.[2][3][4] The use of soluble-fiber cereals is an effective and well-tolerated part of a prudent diet for the treatment of mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia.[5]Although the cholesterol-reducing and glycemic-response properties of psyllium-containing foods are fairly well documented, the effect of long-term inclusion of psyllium in the diet has not been determined. Supplementation with fiber as ispaghula husk may have adverse effects on colorectal adenoma recurrence, especially in patients with high dietary calcium intake.[6]

    Food[edit]

    As a thickener, it has been used in ice cream and frozen desserts. A 1.5% weight/volume ratio of psyllium mucilage exhibits binding properties that are superior to a 10% weight/volume ratio of starch mucilage. The viscosity of psyllium mucilage dispersions are relatively unaffected between temperatures of 20 and 50 °C (68 and 122 °F), by pH from 2 to 10 and by salt (sodium chloride) concentrations up to 0.15 M. These physical properties, along with its status as a natural dietary fiber, may lead to increased use of psyllium by the food-processing industry. Technical-grade psyllium has been used as a hydrocolloidal agent to improve water retention for newly seeded grass areas, and to improve transplanting success with woody plants.

    Adverse effects[edit]

    Since psyllium husk-containing products are sometimes used as a source of dietary fiber, the intake of dietary fiber could hinder the absorption of vitamins, minerals, and proteins.[7]
    Gas or stomach cramping may also occur. It is recommended that this product be taken with a full glass of water to avoid it swelling in the throat and causing choking. Serious allergic reaction to this drug is rare. However, seek medical attention if any signs of anaphylaxis arise, such as a rash, itching/swelling, dizziness or difficulty breathing.[8]
    Choking is a hazard if psyllium is taken without adequate water as it thickens in the throat.[9] Cases of allergic reaction to psyllium-containing cereal have also been documented.[10]

    Mechanism of action[edit]

    The soluble fiber in psyllium is polysaccharide arabinoxylan, a hemicellulose.[11]
    Psyllium is produced mainly for its mucilage content. The term mucilage describes a group of clear, colorless, gelling agents derived from plants. The mucilage obtained from psyllium comes from the seed coat. Mucilage is obtained by mechanical milling (i.e. grinding) of the outer layer of the seed. Mucilage yield amounts to about 25% (by weight) of the total seed yield. Plantago-seed mucilage is often referred to as husk, or psyllium husk. The milled seed mucilage is a white fibrous material that is hydrophilic, meaning that its molecular structure causes it to attract and bind to water. Upon absorbing water, the clear, colorless, mucilaginous gel that forms increases in volume by tenfold or more.

    Cultivation[edit]

    The genus Plantago contains over 200 species. P. ovata and P. psyllium are produced commercially in several European countries, the former Soviet Union and India. Plantago seed, known commercially as black, French, or Spanish psyllium, is obtained from P. psyllium L., also known as P. arenaria. Seed produced from P. ovata is known in trading circles as white or blonde psyllium, Indian plantago, or isabgol. Isabgol, (or ispaghol in Pakistan) the common name in India for P. ovata, comes from the Persian words asp and gul, meaning "horse flower", which is descriptive of the shape of the seed. India dominates the world market in the production and export of psyllium.
    Plantago ovata is an annual herb that grows to a height of 30–46 cm (12–18 in). Leaves are opposite, linear or linear lanceolate 1 cm × 19 cm (0.39 in × 7.48 in). The root system has a well-developed tap root with few fibrous secondary roots. A large number of flowering shoots arise from the base of the plant. Flowers are numerous, small, and white. Plants flower about 60 days after planting. The seeds are enclosed in capsules that open at maturity.
    The fields are generally irrigated prior to seeding to achieve ideal soil moisture, to enhance seed soil contact, and to avoid burying the seed too deeply as a result of later irrigations or rainfall. Maximum germination occurs at a seeding depth of 6 mm (1/4 in). Emerging seedlings are frost sensitive; therefore, planting should be delayed until conditions are expected to remain frost free. Seed is broadcast at 5.5 to 8.25 kg/hectare (5 to 7.5 lb/acre) in India. In Arizona trials, seeding rates of 22 to 27.5 kg/ha (20 to 25 lb/acre) resulted in stands of 1 plant/25mm (1 inch) in 15 cm (6 inch) rows produced excellent yields. Weed control is normally achieved by one or two hand weedings early in the growing season. Control of weeds by pre-plant irrigation that germinates weed seeds followed by shallow tillage may be effective on fields with minimal weed pressure. Psyllium is a poor competitor with most weed species.
    Plantago wilt (Fusarium oxysporum) and downy mildew Peronospora alta are the major diseases of Isabgol. White grubs and aphids are the major insect pests.
    The flower spikes turn reddish brown at ripening, the lower leaves dry and the upper leaves yellow. The crop is harvested in the morning after the dew is gone to minimize shattering and field losses. In India, mature plants are cut 15 cm above the ground and then bound, left for a few days to dry, thrashed, and winnowed.
    Harvested seed must be dried to below 12% moisture to allow for cleaning, milling, and storage. Seed stored for future crops has shown a significant loss in viability after 2 years in storage.

    Production[edit]

    Environmental requirements[edit]

    This section has been abstracted from a March 2015 publication by the Indian Center for Agricultural Research (ICAR).[12]

    Climate[edit]

    P. ovata is a 119- to 130-day crop that responds well to cool, dry weather. In India, P. ovata is cultivated mainly in North Gujarat as a "Rabi" or post–rainy season crop (October to March). During this season, which follows the monsoons, average temperatures are in the range of 15–30 °C (59–86 °F), and moisture is deficient. Isabgol (P. ovata), which has a moderate water requirement, is given 5 to 6 light irrigations. A very important environmental requirement of this crop is clear, sunny and dry weather preceding harvest. High night temperature and cloudy wet weather close to harvest have a large negative impact on yield. Rainfall on the mature crop may result in shattering and therefore major field losses.

    Soil[edit]

    Isabgol grows best on light, well drained, sandy loams. The nutrient requirements of the crop are low. In northern Gujarat, the soil tends to be low in nitrogen and phosphorus and high in potash with a pH between 7.2 and 7.9. Nitrogen trials under these conditions have shown a maximum seed yield response with the addition of 22 kg/hectare (20 lb/acre) of nitrogen.

    Seed preparation and germination[edit]

    P. ovata has small seeds; 1,000 seeds weigh less than 2 grams. Under ideal conditions of adequate moisture and low temperature 10 to 20 °C (50 to 68 °F), 30% of seeds germinate in 5 to 8 days. The seed shows some innate dormancy (3 months) following harvest. Attempts to eliminate this dormancy period by scarification, or by exposure to wet or dry heat, cold, ethylene, or carbon dioxide, are ineffective. Post-dormancy seeds show reliable germination in excess of 90% at 29 °C (84 °F), with lower rates of germination as temperature is increased.

    References[edit]

    1. Jump up^ Christodoulides, S.; Dimidi, E.; Fragkos, K. C.; Farmer, A. D.; Whelan, K.; Scott, S. M. (2016-07-01). "Systematic review with meta-analysis: effect of fibre supplementation on chronic idiopathic constipation in adults". Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 44 (2): 103–116. ISSN 1365-2036. doi:10.1111/apt.13662.
    2. Jump up^ Davidson, M. H., Dugan, L. D., Burns, J. H., Sugimoto, D., Story, K., and Drennan, K. A psyllium-enriched cereal for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia in children: a controlled, double-blind, crossover study. Am J Clin Nutr 1996;63(1):96-102
    3. Jump up^ 30.Wei, Z. H., Wang, H., Chen, X. Y., Wang, B. S., Rong, Z. X., Wang, B. S., Su, B. H., and Chen, H. Z. Time- and dose-dependent effect of psyllium on serum lipids in mild-to-moderate hypercholesterolemia: a meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. Eur.J.Clin.Nutr. 2009;63(7):821-827
    4. Jump up^ 41.Bajorek, S. A. and Morello, C. M. Effects of dietary fiber and low glycemic index diet on glucose control in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann.Pharmacother. 2010;44(11):1786-1792
    5. Jump up^ Anderson, James W.; Allgood, Lisa D.; Turner, Jan; Oeltgen, Peter R.; Daggy, Bruce P. (1999-10-22). "Effects of psyllium on glucose and serum lipid responses in men with type 2 diabetes and hypercholesterolemia". Am J Clin Nutr. 70 (4): 466–73. PMID 10500014.
    6. Jump up^ Bonithon-Kopp, Claire; Kronborg, Ole; Giacosa, Attilio; Räth, Ulrich; Faivre, Jean (2000). "Calcium and fibre supplementation in prevention of colorectal adenoma recurrence: a randomised intervention trial". The Lancet. 356 (9238): 1300. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02813-0.
    7. Jump up^ Marlett JA, McBurney MI, Slavin JL (July 2002). "Position of the American Dietetic Association: health implications of dietary fiber". Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 102 (7): 993–1000. PMID 12146567. doi:10.1016/S0002-8223(02)90228-2.
    8. Jump up^ "Metamucil oral : Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Pictures, Warnings & Dosing - WebMD". WebMD. Retrieved 2016-11-17.
    9. Jump up^ Lantner, R.R., B. Espiritu, P. Zumerchik, M. Tobin. 1990. Anaphylaxis following ingestion of a psyllium-containing cereal. J.A.M.A.J. Am. Med. Assoc. 264(19):2534–2536.
    10. Jump up^ Khalili, B.; Bardana, EJ.; Yunginger, JW. (Dec 2003). "Psyllium-associated anaphylaxis and death: a case report and review of the literature". Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 91 (6): 579–84. PMID 14700444. doi:10.1016/S1081-1206(10)61538-4.
    11. Jump up^ Fischer MH, Yu N, Gray GR, Ralph J, Anderson L, Marlett JA. (2004) The gel-forming polysaccharide of psyllium husk (Plantago ovata Forsk). Carbohydr Res. 2004 Aug 2;339(11):2009-17.
    12. Jump up^ ICAR - Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research. "Good agricultural practices for Isabgol". Boriavi, Anand District, Gujarat, India. March 2015. http://www.dmapr.org.in/publications/bulletine/Good%20Agricultural%20Practices%20for%20Isabgol.pdf. Accessed 8/1/2017.

    External links[edit]

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    Sunday, June 14, 2015

    You can buy Laxmi Sat Isabgol form this link.


    Psyllium - Laxmi Sat Isabgol

    Overview:

    Psyllium is a soluble fiber used primarily as a gentle bulk-forming laxative in products such as LAXMI SAT ISABGOL. It comes from a shrub-like herb called Plantago ovata that grows worldwide. Each plant can produce up to 15,000 tiny, gel-coated seeds, from which psyllium husk is derived.
    The soluble fiber found in psyllium husks can help lower cholesterol. Psyllium can help relieve both constipation and diarrhea, and is used to treat irritable bowel syndrome, hemorrhoids, and other intestinal problems. When psyllium husk comes in contact with water, it swells and forms a gelatin-like mass that helps transport waste through the intestinal tract. Several large population-based studies also suggest that increased fiber intake may reduce risk of colon cancer, but results of other studies have been conflicting.
    Colon Cancer
    After some promising early studies, newer results examining whether a high-fiber diet protects against colon cancer have been mixed. Most large, better-designed studies have found only a slight association between fiber intake and colorectal cancer risk. In addition, fiber does not appear to protect against the recurrence of colorectal cancer.
    Constipation
    Many well-designed studies have shown that psyllium relieves constipation. When combined with water, it swells and produces more bulk, which stimulates the intestines to contract and helps speed the passage of stool through the digestive tract. Psyllium is widely used as a laxative in Asia, Europe, and North America.
    Diabetes
    Studies suggest that a high-fiber diet may help lower insulin and blood sugar levels and improve cholesterol levels in people with diabetes. It may also reduce the chance of developing diabetes in those who are at risk.
    Diarrhea
    Psyllium can also be used to help relieve mild-to-moderate diarrhea. It soaks up a significant amount of water in the digestive tract, making stool firmer and slower to pass.
    Heart Disease
    Adding high-fiber foods (such as psyllium-enriched cereals) to your diet may help lower heart disease risk.
    Hemorrhoids
    Your doctor may recommend psyllium to help soften stool and reduce the pain associated with hemorrhoids.
    High Blood Pressure
    Although the studies are not entirely conclusive, adding fiber (12 g of soluble fiber per day) to your diet, particularly psyllium, may help lower blood pressure.
    High Cholesterol
    Soluble fibers -- such as those in psyllium husk, guar gum, flax seed, and oat bran -- can help lower cholesterol when added to a low-fat, low-cholesterol diet. Studies have shown psyllium can lower total as well as LDL ("bad") cholesterol levels, which may help reduce risk of heart disease.
    Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
    Although studies have found conflicting results, some physicians recommend psyllium for mild-to-moderate cases of diarrhea from either ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease (another type of inflammatory bowel disorder). In one study of people with ulcerative colitis, psyllium was as effective as the prescription drug mesalamine (Pentasa, Rowasa, Asacol) in maintaining remission. However, for some people with IBD, too much psyllium can make symptoms worse. Work closely with your doctor to decide how much fiber is right for you.
    Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
    Several studies have found that soluble fiber (including psyllium) helps relieve some symptoms of IBS, such as diarrhea and constipation; other studies, however, have found mixed results.
    Obesity
    Studies and clinical reports suggest that psyllium may make you feel fuller and reduce hunger cravings.

    Dietary Sources:

    Psyllium seed and psyllium husk; psyllium is also added to some cereals to increase fiber content.

    Available Forms:

    Standard preparations of psyllium are available in dry seed or husk form, to be mixed with water as needed. Psyllium is an ingredient in some commercially prepared laxatives.

    How to Take It:

    Pediatric
    Children should get fiber from their diet. Give a child psyllium supplements only under a doctor’s supervision. In general, half the typical adult dosage of psyllium supplements is recommended for children ages 6 - 12.
    Adult
    Add 1/2 - 2 tsp of psyllium seed to 1 cup (8 oz.) of warm water. Mix well, and then drink immediately before it becomes too thick to swallow comfortably. (Psyllium thickens rapidly when added to water.) If using a commercial product that contains psyllium, follow package directions.
    If you are not used to taking psyllium, it is best to begin with a low dose (such as 1/2 tsp. in an 8 oz. glass of water once a day), then increase to 2 tsp. in two 8 oz. glasses of water per day, as needed.
    Your health care provider may recommend higher doses of psyllium to treat certain conditions. For irritable bowel syndrome, for example, an initial dose of 1/2 - 1 tsp. of psyllium per day is gradually increased to 4 doses per day.
    You can take psyllium first thing in the morning or before bedtime. As a weight-loss aid, take it at least 30 minutes before meals.

    Precautions:

    Because supplements may have side effects or interact with medications, you should take them only under the supervision of a knowledgeable health care provider.
    Psyllium supplements may reduce or delay the absorption of certain medications (See Possible Interactions). As a rule, you should not take psyllium supplements at the same time as other medications. Take psyllium at least 1 hour before or 2 - 4 hours after taking other medications.
    You should always take psyllium with a full 8 oz. glass of water, and you should drink at least 6 - 8 full glasses of water throughout the day to avoid constipation. Taking psyllium supplements without adequate liquids may cause it to swell, and, in extreme cases, cause choking.
    Do not take this product if you have difficulty swallowing. People with esophageal stricture (narrowing of the esophagus) or any other narrowing or obstruction of the gastrointestinal tract should not take psyllium.
    A potential side effect from any fiber product is gas and bloating.
    People with kidney disease should talk to their doctor before taking psyllium.

    Possible Interactions:

    If you are being treated with any of the following medications, you should not use psyllium supplements without first talking to your health care provider.
    Antidepressant medications, Tricyclics -- Dietary fiber has been shown to lower the blood levels and effectiveness of tricyclic antidepressant medications in some patients. If you take tricyclic antidepressants, talk to your doctor before taking psyllium. Tricyclic antidepressants include:
    ·         Amitriptyline (Elavil)
    ·         Doxepin (Sinequan)
    ·         Imipramine (Tofranil)
    Carbemazepine (Tegretol) -- Taking psyllium with carbamazepine, a medication used to treat seizures, may decrease the absorption and effectiveness of carbamazepine.
    Cholesterol-lowering medications (bile acid sequestrants) -- Taking psyllium with the cholesterol-lowering medications called bile acid sequestrants may help further lower cholesterol levels and may reduce side effects of colestipol. Talk to your doctor about whether this may be an option for you. Bile acid sequestrants include:
    ·         Cholestyramine (Questram)
    ·         Colestipol (Colestid)
    Diabetes medications -- Fiber supplements may reduce levels of blood sugar, making the possibility of hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) more likely. Talk to your doctor before taking fiber supplements, as your dose of diabetes medications may need to be adjusted.
    Digoxin -- Fiber supplements may reduce the absorption of digoxin, a medication used to regulate heart function. You should not take fiber supplements at the same time as digoxin.
    Lithium -- Psyllium may lower lithium levels in the blood, reducing the effectiveness of this medication. If both are used, they should be taken at least 1 - 2 hours apart, and lithium levels should be monitored very closely by your doctor.
    ·         Reviewed last on: 9/24/2007
    ·         Steven D. Ehrlich, NMD, private practice specializing in complementary and alternative medicine, Phoenix, AZ. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network.

    Supporting Research

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    Alberts DS, Martínez ME, Roe DJ, et al. Lack of effect of a high-fiber cereal supplement on the recurrence of colorectal adenomas. N Eng J Med. 2000;342(16):1156-1162.
    Anderson JW, Allgood LD, Lawrence A, et al. Cholesterol-lowering effects of psyllium intake adjunctive to diet therapy in men and women with hypercholesterolemia: meta-analysis of 8 controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;71:472-479.
    Anderson JW, Allgood LD, Turner J, Oeltgen PR, Daggy BP. Effects of psyllium on glucose and serum lipid responses in men with type 2 diabetes and hypercholesterolemia. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;70:466-473.
    Appel LJ. Nonpharmacologic therapies that reduce blood pressure: a fresh perspective. Clin Cadiol. 1999;22(Suppl. III):III1-III5.
    Blumenthal M, Goldberg A, Brinckmann J. Herbal Medicine: Expanded Commission E Monographs. Newton, MA: Integrative Medicine Communications; 2000: 314-321.
    Burke V, Hodgson JM, Beilin LJ, Giangiulioi N, Rogers P, Puddey IB. Dietary protein and soluble fiber reduce ambulatory blood pressure in treated hypertensives. Hypertension. 2001;38(4):821-826.
    Chandalia M, Garg A, Lutjohann D, von Bergmann K, Grundy SM, Brinkley LJ. Beneficial effect of high dietary fiber intake in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Eng J Med. 2000; 342:1392-1398.
    Chang HY, Kelly EC, Lembo AJ. Current gut-directed therapies for irritable bowel syndrome.Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol. 2006 Jul;9(4):314-23.
    Etman MA. Effect of a bulk forming laxative on the bioavailability of carbamazepine in man.Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 1995;21(16):1901-1906.
    Ettinger AB, Shinnar S, Sinnett MJ, Moshe SL. Carbamazepine-induced constipation. J Epilepsy. 1992;5(3):191-193.
    European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy (ESCOP). Psyllii semen: Psyllium seed. Monographs on the Medicinal Uses of Plant Drugs. 1997.
    Fernandez-Banares F. Nutritional care of the patient with constipation. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2006;20(3):575-87. Review.
    Fernandez-Banares F, Hinojosa J, Sanchez-Lombrana JL, et al. Randomized clinical trials of Platago ovata seeds (dietary fiber) as compared with mesalamine in maintaining remission in ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 1999;94:427-433.
    Hayes RB, Ziegler RG, Gridley G, et al. Dietary factors and risks for prostate cancer among blacks and whites in the United States. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1999;8(1):25-34.
    Heyka R. Lifestyle management and prevention of hypertension. In: Rippe J, ed. Lifestyle Medicine. 1st ed. Malden, Mass: Blackwell Science; 1999:109-119.
    Jänne PA, Mayer RJ. Chemoprevention of colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2000;342(26):1960-1968.
    Krauss RM, Eckel RH, Howard B, Appel LJ, Daniels SR, Deckelbaum RJ, et al. AHA Scientific Statement: AHA Dietary guidelines Revision 2000: A statement for healthcare professionals from the nutrition committee of the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2000;102(18):2284-2299.
    Le Marchand L, Wilkens LR, Hankin JH, Kolonel LN, Lyu LC. Independent and joint effects of family history and lifestyle on colorectal cancer risk: Implications for prevention. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prevent.1999;8:45-51.
    Liu S, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, et al. A prospective study of whole-grain intake and risk of type-2 diabetes mellitus in women. Am J Pub Health. 2000;90:1409-1415.
    Ludwig DS, Pereira MA, Kroenke CH. Dietary fiber, weight gain, and cardiovascular disease risk factors in young adults. JAMA. 1999:282(16):1529-1546.
    McRorie JW, Daggy BP, Morel JG, Diersing PS, Miner PB, Robinson M. Psyllium is superior to docusate sodium for treatment of chronic constipation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1998;12:491–497.
    National Cholesterol Education Program. Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA. 2001;285(19):2486-2497.
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    Rodrigues-Moran M, Guerrero-Romero F, Lazcano-Burciaga G. Lipid- and glucose-lowering efficacy of Plantago Psyllium in type II diabetes. J Diabetes Complications. 1998;12:273–278.
    Saper RB, Eisenberg DM, Phillips RS. Common dietary supplements for weight loss. Am Fam Physician. 2004 Nov 1;70(9):1731-8. Review.
    Schatzkin A, Lanza E, Corle D, et al. Lack of effect of a low-fat, high-fiber diet on the recurrence of colorectal adenomas. N Engl J Med. 2000;342(16):1149-1155.
    Shrestha S, Freake HC, McGrane MM, Volek JS, Fernandez ML. A combination of psyllium and plant sterols alters lipoprotein metabolism in hypercholesterolemic subjects by modifying the intravascular processing of lipoproteins and increasing LDL uptake. J Nutr. 2007 May;137(5):1165-70.
    Toutoungi M, Schulz P, Widmer J, et al. Probable interaction of psyllium and lithium. Therapie. 1990;45(4):358-360.
    Turnbull WH, Thomas HG. The effect of a Plantago ovata seed containing preparation on appetite variables, nutrient and energy intake. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1995;19:338-342.
    Vaswani SK, Hamilton RG, Valentine MD, Adkinson NF Jr. Psyllium laxative-induced anaphylaxis, asthma, and rhinitis. Allergy. 1996;51(4):266-268.
    Wursch P, Pi-Sunyer FX. The role of viscous soluble fiber in the metabolic control of diabetes. A review with special emphasis on cereals rich in beta-glucan. Diabetes Care. 1997; 20:1774-1780.
    Ziai SA, Larijani B, Akhoondzadeh S, Fakhrzadeh H, Dastpak A, Bandarian F, et al. Psyllium decreased serum glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin significantly in diabetic outpatients. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005 Nov 14;102(2):202-7.
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